Pope Leo XIV has warned that the rapid rise of artificial intelligence (AI) could give rise to “new forms of slavery,” as he called for urgent global action to ensure the technology does not undermine human dignity or deepen inequality.
The Pope made the remarks in a long-awaited encyclical titled “Magnifica Humanitas” (Magnificent Humanity), which focuses on the ethical, social, and political risks posed by rapidly advancing AI systems. The document was presented at the Vatican alongside AI experts, including the co-founder of US tech company Anthropic.
In the manifesto, Pope Leo XIV called for the “disarming” of artificial intelligence, stressing that the technology must not be driven by competition for military or economic dominance. He warned that unchecked development could concentrate power and wealth in the hands of a few while exposing vulnerable populations to exploitation.
He also strongly criticised the use of AI in warfare, arguing that “no algorithm can make war morally acceptable” and describing the traditional “just war” theory as outdated in the era of autonomous systems. According to him, it is “not permissible to entrust lethal decisions” to machines.
The Pope further cautioned against what he described as a global “arms race” in AI development, driven by the pursuit of geopolitical advantage and commercial gain. He said such competition risks reducing technology to a tool of domination rather than a force for human progress.
Beyond military concerns, Pope Leo XIV highlighted the hidden human and environmental costs behind AI systems. He noted that millions of workers involved in data processing, content moderation, and raw material extraction often face harsh and exploitative conditions that remain largely invisible.
“Nothing in the world of AI is immaterial or magical,” he wrote, adding that even seemingly instant digital responses depend on vast human labour and environmental resources.
The Pope also called for AI systems to remain “human-friendly,” transparent, and accessible, urging governments and tech companies to prioritise human dignity over profit and technological supremacy.